Introduction to Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Law Coursework - Essay Example nt that must be fulfilled for a contract to be valid, we will discuss the law of contract in detail and then compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. For a contract to be enforceable contract, certain basic requirements must be presented. There must an agreement based upon genuine consent of the parties, supported by a consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. This paper will start by discussing what an offer is and later on compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. (Hussein, 1993) a) An offer may be made to a specific person or to any member of a group or to the world at large, but it cannot form the basis of a contract until it has been accepted by an ascertained person or group of persons. For example if A makes an offer to B, it is a specific offer and B is the only person who can accept it. But in many cases, it is immaterial to whom the offer is made. Offers made by advertisement are the commonest form of offers made to the world at large, and can be accepted by anyone just by acting on them. For example in the following case studied. The defendants offered a reward of  £100 to anyone who contracted influenza after using their smoke ball for a fortnight. The plaintiff, relying on the advertisement, bought the smoke ball and used it as prescribed, but still contracted influenza. She sued for the advertised reward. It was held that the advertisement was a true offer, and not a mere advertising puff, and the defendants were held liable to pay the reward. b) An offer may be made by a word of mouth, in writing or by conduct. The person making this offer is called the offeror, and the person to whom the offer is made is called the offeree. For example an offer made by conduct may be of a bus playing on a certain route. This is usually an offer by the owner of the bus to carry passengers at the published fare for various stages. The offer is accepted by conduct when the passenger

Friedman Paragraph Graded Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friedman Paragraph Graded - Assignment Example Diverting the attention of the public from politics to economy development requires education skills. The political aspirants should focus on the tactics they can apply to help the United States chant her way out of economic crisis. It is true that the current generation is lacking ample knowledge in solving the economic crisis. The causes and solutions of the economic crisis are well stipulated in educational concepts. If the concepts are gained by majority, the problem would be easily averted (4:03 – 9:10). For instance, the technological advancement and understanding of the current technology has enabled people to connect and share development ideas through the social media such as face book. This implies that if everyone understands the real problems affecting the economy, people can share ideas that can solve the crisis. Referring to the Friedman’s idea, offering jobs alone is not enough to deliver the expected results as the performance will be low (4:03 – 9:10). The strategy in uplifting the job sector should focus on hiring employees who can invent and reinvent the strategies aimed at improving performance in the changing economic times (4:03 – 9:10). It is true that education is one of the prominent pillars of the economy (15:55 – 18:05). The efficiency of the other pillars is a product of educational knowledge and skills provided through

A Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Was Indicated Nursing Essay

A Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Was Indicated Nursing Essay Cholecystitis is defined as an inflammation of the gallbladder caused most commonly by the obstruction of the cystic duct Bloom et al., 2012. The gallbladder is a small organ located under the liver that plays a major role in the digestion of fat (Balentine, 2012). Normally bile and digestive enzymes pass out of the gallbladder on their way to the small intestine. If this flow becomes blocked, it will build up inside the gallbladder, causing swelling, upper abdominal pain, and gallstones resulting in liver dysfunction (Bloom et al, 2012; Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Gallstones are solid particles that are formed from bile (Balentine, 2012). Common risk factors in the formation of gallstones include being female of childbearing age, overweight, certain medications such as birth control pills or statins, rapid weight loss, poor dietary habits and pregnancy (Ali, Cahill, Watson, 2004; Balentine, 2012; Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Gallstones can block the outflow of bile and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. If this blockage persists, the gallbladder can become inflamed causing cholecystitis (Balentine, 2012). The initial treatment of cholecystitis includes bowel rest, intravenous hydration, analgesia and antibiotics (Bloom et al., 2012). Outpatient management may be suitable however if surgical treatment is indicated, laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the gold standard of care (Bignell et al., 2011; Chowbey et al., 2010; Farkas et al, 2012; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). In the diagnostic process for surgical interventions an ultrasound scan may be performed however magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) is the diagnostic preference for gallstones (Mackillop Williamson, 2010). MRCP is a non-invasive technique used for viewing the bile and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires gas to be administered into the peritoneal cavity and thus routinely requires general anaesthesia with intubation (Sherwinter, 2011). The advantage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy results from preserving the integrity of the abdominal wall which reduces operative trauma and complications. It also has been shown to have a greater recovery time decreases postoperative pain and the need for postoperative analgesia, shortens hospital stay and returns the patient to full activity within 1 week (Sherwinter, 2011; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). For the operation anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl, midazolam, propfol and rocuronium. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. Anaesthesia was maintained with a propofol infusion accompanied with a nitrous oxide and oxygen ventilation. Mrs Smith was also given 4mg of ondansetron before the end of surgery for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting and was administered bupivacaine into all trocar wound sites. At the conclusion of the surgery Mrs Smith was administered glycopyrrolate and neostigmine to antagonize the residual neuromuscular blockage and pain relief was given via fentanyl pain protocol. After induction of anaesthesia Mrs Smith was positioned in the reverse Trendelenberg with the right side of the table elevated. Abdominal insufflation was achieved with CO2 and intra-abdominal pressure was maintained at approximately 13 mm Hg (Gupta et al., 2007; Shora et al., 2008; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). Intra operative monitoring included electroencephalogram (EEG), pulse oximetry, blood pressure and heart rate via arterial line, and temperature (MacKay, Sleigh, Voss Barnard, 2010; Shora et al., 2008) One clinical issue related to Mrs Smiths perioperative care is strategies to avoid wrong-site surgery. Safe surgery is a world-wide recognised issue (WHO, 2009). Healthcare and surgical care provision encompass such a degree of variation and complexity that it involves an increased risk of errors (Weiser et al., 2010). These increased risks are due to multifaceted issues of human error where there is a breakdown in communication or processes (Brady, 2009). The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is designed to enhance both communication and teamwork and to safeguard that healthcare professionals deliver evidence based patient care (Anderson 2009). The surgical safety checklist identifies three phases of an operation; the sign in time out and sign out. Each point corresponds to a specific period in the normal flow of work. A checklist coordinator, usually the circulating nurse, ensures that the surgical team has completed the listed tasks before continuing onto the next phase (WHO, 2008) The sign in period is before the induction of anaesthesia (WHO, 2008). This is where the patient confirms to operating room staff, their identity, type and site of operation (in their own words), and confirms their approval for the procedure by acknowledging their signature on the consent form. The anaesthesia safety check is also completed within this phase. This check asks questions relating to allergies, make-up or nail polish, dentures or prosthesis, time bladder last emptied and the time that the last food and fluid where consumed. It likewise checks identification band, and whether the operative site has been marked by doctor (Queensland Health, 2011). The sign in phase allows for the checklist to not merely be a to do list. It ensures that important safety identifiers have been checked and collated correctly (Karl, 2009). It permits a logical and systematic approach aligning with the organizations values, highlighting patient safety and recognising individual roles in ensuring patient safety within the multidisciplinary partnership. This phase also emphasises an institutions regulatory requirements that essentially improves patient care (Conley et al, 2011). The second phase is the time out. This occurs before skin incision (WHO, 2008). Operating staff actively confirm differing team members roles. The surgeon, anaesthesia professional and nurse verbally confirm the patient, type and site of the operation to be performed and visually check for a valid consent. For the nursing team it is also a time to review sterility and equipment (WHO, 2008). Brady (2009) reports that wrong site surgery is the second highest among all sentinel events recorded. He attributes faulty communication and organizational culture as factors contributing to sentinel events and endorses strategies such as surgical safety checklists, that increase the effectiveness of team functioning. The third phase of sign out is initiated before the patient leaves the operating room (WHO, 2008). The checklist coordinator confirms with the team the name of the procedure recorded, that the surgical count is correct, the specimen is labelled accurately and if there were any equipment problems needing to be addressed (WHO, 2008). This period again emphasises improved communication among surgical team members and thus quality of care (WHO, 2012). According to Kao and Thomas (2008, as cited in Jones, 2011) surgical errors such as wrong site surgery can be attributed to individuals as opposed to one individual. By this constant communication and clarification at certain time periods throughout an operation demonstrates improved communication where potential risks where minimised (Jones, 2011). Jones (2011) also claims that with the WHO checklist, interaction between team members have improved and potential risks minimised. Surgical safety checklists not only improve communication and teamwork, but also improve understanding of each others roles (Bell, 2010). This strategy can achieve massive reductions in complications and studies indicate that a checklist works because it is more than just a tick sheet. With the effective adoption it generally requires local system changes and a commitment to teamwork for safety (WHO, 2012). Checklists are acknowledged as an organised system for a safe ending to a task. Research has suggested that at least half of all surgical errors are avoidable (Weiser et al (2010). If used properly the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, through effective teamwork and communication will result in the right patient, having the right procedure, at the right time in the right area (Donaldson 2008). Sherwinter, D. A. (2011). Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1582292-overview Queensland Health (2011). Perioperative Patient Record. Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/psq/pathways/docs/pre-op-check-a3-11.pdf

Aristophanes Views :: Aristophanes Greek Theatre Plays Essays

Aristophanes' Views There have been many arguments as to Aristophanes views and politics. Some arguing that it is almost impossible to determine any serious view points Aristophanes may have being trying to say through his plays. While many others may argue, that points made in the Parabasis and through the various comic styles, are the key to what Aristophanes thought and believed. With so little evidence of Aristophanes himself, it is hard to prove a case either way. While taking into account the social climate at the time and what the main aims of the plays were, I will be looking into Thesmophoriazusae and whether Aristophanes was attempting to make any serious points through various styles of humour. In order to determine whether Aristophanes was putting forward a serious point, it helps to look at the back ground and context in which his plays were written. In Greek theatre the audience was made up solely of men. with the only women being those on stage, and even then only allowed to play silent parts such as slaves. Throughout the play, women are a common theme, at the time in which Thesmophoriazusae was written (411bc), attitudes towards them were much the same as in many societies. Women were inferior to men, in almost all parts of society. They were the property of men. Whether it be their husbands or their fathers, they could not vote, could not hold a position of office, and could not own any property. However in some parts of Athenian society they were considered to be almost the equals of men, religion is a prime example of this. In religious matters women were at times essential, in burials and civic sacrifice rituals. In contrast to this, Pericles’ citizenship law (451bc) raised their status to that of most prized possessions. The law stated that only an Athenian wife could produce a legitimate male heir. She became the only thing that could allow the husband’s family name to be carried on. It became a constant fear for the husbands, that their wives would be adulterous and produce a child, as the child would grow up and have a legitimate claim on the family possessions. Women became far more protected by their husband’s, than they ever had been previously. A wife with both an Athenian mother and Athenian father, became highly prized. This of course was more of a problem for a rich husband than a poor husband, as they had more to lose. However due to a lack of being able to afford help around the house, women of poor husbands had greater freedom, as they had to go out and fetch things needed for the

Divide by Two †Short Story Essay

They have set down a line of adobe blocks, three blocks wide and two blocksdeep, across the lawn between their cottage and ours, Belle said.â€Å"Yes, I know,† I said. I walked into the window and stood there, looking over attheir cottage. The piano music from the cottage came strong and clear. â€Å"I was here thismorning when he brought those blocks home.† I peeled my shirt; it was soggy withsweat. â€Å"He carried the blocks in the baggage compartment of their car. It took him allthree trips. He had three boys with him to help.† I shook my shirt in the cooling air andwalked in my room. â€Å"And I know where he got those blocks, too. There is aconstruction going on right now at engineering school. They have a pile of adobe blocksthere as high as the Cheops. You can’t miss it. You see it from the busline everytime.† In my room, the strains of piano music didn’t reach sustainedly.Belle had followed me into my room. â€Å"They have marked off boundaries,† shesaid. â€Å"They have defined limits.†I folded my shirt about the back of the armchair. â€Å"So they have,† I said. â€Å"So theyhave.† My undershirt was wet, too. I yanked it off.â€Å"It is all as if they have put up a fence,† Belle said.â€Å"Fences make good neighbors,† I said. I whipped the apple-green towel off the T- bar and rubbed myself briskly.â€Å"It might as well be the great wall of China,† Belle said.â€Å"Well, no, not really,† I said. â€Å"It is not as bad as that.† I returned the towel to thecrossbar. I looked around for a dry undershirt but did not find any. I went to the bedroom where my clothes-closet was. Belle followed me. There was no light in thecloset. The bulb hadn’t been changed since it went bad shortly after we moved into thecottage. I fumbled in the dark feeling with my fingers. In the darkness in the closet thestrains of the piano came steadily, strong and clear.â€Å"She is no Turk but she keeps playing the Turkish March,† Belle said.I knew where my undershirts would be and it didn’t take me long to find themwith my hands. I pulled one out and was putting it on while I walked back to the sala.â€Å"It is unkind, inconsiderate, not neighborly, not nice,† Belle said. I stopped beneath the light in the narrow passage from the bedroom to the sala between the book-closets and the bathroom, one arm through one armhole, half out of thesando shirt the neck of which I held open with my hands. I looked at Belle. â€Å"Comeagain, Belle?† I asked.Belle said again the denunciatory words.I got my head through the armhole, got into the shirt. I walked on to the sala. Ididn’t know how tired I was until I fell back on the lounging chair.Belle picked up the foot stool, brought it near my chair and sat down. â€Å"The leastthing they could have done was to tell us first about it.†I felt very tired and shut my eyes and didn’t say anything.â€Å"Don’t you think they owed it to us?† Belle asked. â€Å"Out of regards for our feelings shouldn’t they have asked us how we feel about the fence?† The piano music threaded through the words like leitmotif. â€Å"How is that again,Belle?† I asked.â€Å"They have no regard for us,† Belle said. â€Å"They don’t care what we think. Theydon’t mind what we feel. As far as they are concerned, we are not human.†The piano came jubilantly threading through the words.â€Å"Is that right, Belle?† I asked.â€Å"Don’t you think they should at least have gone to us and said: Look here, you!We are putting up this boundary, see? You keep to your side of these markers and wewill keep to ours, understand?† Belle asked.â€Å"Do you really think that?† I asked.â€Å"Yes, I do,† Belle said. â€Å"Distinctly, don’t you?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I don’t know.† I said. â€Å"I haven’t thought about it.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, then,† Belle said, â€Å"think about it. You can start thinking about it now.†I wondered why now the words kept ringing clear to me. Then I felt and sensedthat the piano had been stilled. Suddenly the night was silent, suddenly the air was still.I rose from the lounging chair. I walked to the globe-traveler near the wall outlet, plugged the cord in and snapped the lid open. Belle followed me. I was playing therange disk for music when Belled leaned forward and snapped the lid shut. â€Å"What’s the matter, Belle? I asked.â€Å"There’s nothing the matter.† Belle said.â€Å"Well, then get off,† I said. â€Å"Get off them and get off me.†Belle was silent for a moment. Then: â€Å"It is she,† she said.â€Å"What about her?† I asked.â€Å"I don’t think she likes me,† Belle said.â€Å"She doesn’t like anyone,† I said. â€Å"What makes you think so?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have given her things.† Belle said. â€Å"They don’t seem to make an impression onher. I gave her cheese on her last birthday. She didn’t even thank me.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why do you have to go around giving people things for?† I asked. â€Å"Maybe shedoesn’t like cheese. Maybe the cheese wasn’t such a good idea.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"She doesn’t like me.† Belle said. â€Å"And she doesn’t like anyone to like me†¦when he gave me flowers from her garden, I don’t think she liked that.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Who would?† I asked. â€Å"Maybe the flowers weren’t such a good idea either.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"He was only being friendly as I was,† Belle said.â€Å"Oh, yes,† I said.â€Å"He was only being neighborly as I believe in being,† Belle said.â€Å"Sure, sure,† I said.â€Å"But she doesn’t like to be and I don’t think she believes in being,† Belle said.â€Å"And I don’t think she wants him to be either.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, well, Belle,† I said. â€Å"I don’t really know them. It is you they really know.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, you do, too,† Belle said. â€Å"You ride with them too sometimes.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I did that only once,† I said. â€Å"I rode with them on the front seat. She tapped himon the thigh when she got off at Pavilion 2. That was the last time.â⠂¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Did that bother you?† Belle asked. â€Å"Not that in itself,† I said. â€Å"Only the demonstrativeness: as if to show that she ishis and he is hers.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What about the demonstrativeness of puttering about her garden in very shortshorts?† Belle asked.â€Å"When you visited the area for the first time to see the cottages, was he looking atthe cottages too-and the third time?† I asked.â€Å"He was going to look at the cottages himself,† Belle said. â€Å"He was only beingfriendly.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"And the second time you looked at the cottages, he was looking at the cottagestoo-and the third time?† I asked.â€Å"That was for our going to be neighbors,† Belle said.â€Å"There are forty cottages in this area,† I said. â€Å"Why did we have to pick up thisone right next to theirs?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was as much your choice as it was mine,† Belle said.â€Å"So it was,† I said. â€Å"So it can’t be helped.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, it can’t,† Belle s aid.â€Å"All right, then. Get off. Get off them and get off me,† I said. â€Å"But you must do something,† Belle said.â€Å"What about?† I asked.â€Å"They didn’t set the adobe markers right,† Belle said. â€Å"They have been laidnearer our cottage than theirs. Their half of the lawn is bigger than ours.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Is that right?† I asked. I walked to the window. It wasn’t too dark to see theadobe markers gleaming in the ghostly light. I saw the flowers, too-the roses, the zinnias,the dahlias, the African daisies-swaying like specters in the night. Walking back to mychair, I looked up at the clock. It was getting on a quarter to nine. The clock began tochime just as I got to the lounging chair. I sat down and put my feet up on the stool.â€Å"Their half of the lawn is bigger than ours,† Belle said.â€Å"Maybe they need all the lawn they can get so she can plant them all to flowers,† Isaid. â€Å"They haven’t divided the lawn fairly,† Belle said.â€Å"You mean the halves are not equal? The halves are not halves? I asked.â€Å"What’s the matter with you?† Belle said.â€Å"What’s the matter with him?† I asked. â€Å"Isn’t he a doctor of mathematics or something? A fine doctor of mathematics he’s turned out to be if he can’t even divide bytwo!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s eating you?† Belle asked.â€Å"Maybe he should have brought a survey team with him and used a transit, a plumbline, and a pole,† I said. â€Å"Maybe he could divide by two then. Maybe he couldeven divide by ten.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Don’t tell me,† Belle said, â€Å"Tell him. Tell them.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"For crying out loud.† I said.â€Å"Go ahead,† Belle said. â€Å"Go over. Tell them off. Tell them where to get off.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Get off, Belle,† I said. â€Å"Get off them.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If you won’t, I shall,† Belle said.â€Å"Get off me,† I said.â€Å"If you don’t, I shall,† Belle said. â€Å"I shall right now.† She started for the door.â€Å"For crying out loud, Belle,† I said. â€Å"I don’t know them well enough to speak tothem. I shall write them a note.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"All right,† Belle said.The portable typewriter was in the case under my bed. I set it up at the head of the dining table. When I pulled my hands away from lifting the case, they were coveredwith dust. I removed the lid but didn’t take the machine off its base. The inside cornersof the lid were spun with cobwebs. There were webs between the machine and the ridgeof the base. I couldn’t find any white paper anywhere so I decided to use one sheet fromthe legal size pad of rules yellow paper.I didn’t date the note. I made it short and to the point. It was fascinating to watchthe keys falling forward and then back leaving the black marks on the yellow sheet. As Ityped I heard the opening bars of Marriage of Figaro from the high fidelity radio- phonograph next door. (â€Å"Mathematics and Mozart,† I said. â€Å"Mozart and Mathematics.†)I typed on my name but didn’t sign it. When I saw that I had not quite filled half the sheet, I folded it once and tore it in half. I fed the clean half back to the machine andhanded the other half to Belle. â€Å"There you are.† I said. â€Å"Short and sweet: I hope helikes it.†Belle read the note. After she finished, she didn’t say a word. â€Å"Is it all right?† Iasked.â€Å"Yes,† Belle said. â€Å"Then send it off,† I said.â€Å"All right,† Belle said. She called Nata and had the note delivered at once.I didn’t get to hear Mozart to the end of the night. About halfway through theopera (that would be after Face I of the long playing record), the player was snapped off.Then I saw him leave their cottage.I sat up erect in my chair and watched him head bob up and down as he walkedout to Finchshafen road. When he turned up the road and I knew where he was going, Istood up. I walked up to the screen door and watched him walk up the concrete walk tothe porch steps. He stopped at the foot of the stairs. I looked down through thewirescreen at his upturned face.â€Å"Yes?† I asked.â€Å"Can I see you for a minute?† he asked.â€Å"Me?† I asked.â€Å"Yes, you,† he said.â€Å"Won’t you come up?† I asked.â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"I’d much rather talk to you on the street.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"All right,† I said. â€Å"If that’s the way you feel about it.†I joined him at the foot of the porch steps. We walked down the cement walk together. As we went past the shelter of the cottage, a blast of the cold night air struck my face. I felt my left cheek twitching.â€Å"Yes?† I asked. â€Å"What’s on your mind?† We walked down Finchshafen road. He didn’t say anything for a long time. Ilooked at him. I had never spoken to him before. He considered a long time, longenough for me to be able to look back at the house to see if Belle was at the windowwatching.When he spoke, his first words were: â€Å"Have you and Belle been fighting?† Itwas not only words, it was also the way he said them: my left cheek was twitching so badly it was almost spastic. He had spoken so softly and in such a low-pitched voice I barely heard him. It was as if he didn’t wish either his house or my house to hear; as if we were conspirators both and we were plotting a conspiracy together.â€Å"Fighting?† I asked. â€Å"What about? What for? What are you talking about?† Isought his face for the guilt that could only be the mirror of the guilt in my own. We stood in Finchshafen road halway between out cottages; we were waiting tocatch the guilt upon our faces which nonetheless we were mortally afraid to see? I stoodon the upper slope of the road towards our house and he stood on the lower slope in thedirection of his.â€Å"Your note wasn’t very friendly,† he said. â€Å"It wasn’t very neighborly.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why should it be?† I added. â€Å"It wasn’t meant to be.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, so,† he said. â€Å"It wasn’t meant to be.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You bet your life it wasn’t,† I said.â€Å"Well, if that’s the way you feel about it,† he said.â€Å"How else did you expect me to feel?† I asked.â€Å"In that case then,† he said. â€Å"You can appeal to authority and I shall not move theadobe blocks an inch.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"For Christ sake,† I said. â€Å"Who is talking about authority? Who is talking aboutadobe blocks?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Don’t raise you r voice,† he said.â€Å"Why shouldn’t I raise my voice?† I asked.â€Å"Don’t shout at me,† he said.â€Å"I shall shout at you if you please,† I said. It was a cool clear lovely night. The sky was clear and cool and full of stars. Thesky and the stars seemed very far away but the air was clear and you could see all theway up to the sky and the stars and it seemed a long, long way. There was a very palemoon and a very cool wind was sweeping the pale moon and the white clouds before itall the way across the sky.Across and up and down Finchshafen road in the cottages, people were comingout of their porches to listen and to watch. I looked back at out house to see if Belle wasthere standing behind the window wirescreen and I looked at their house too.â€Å"A plague on both our houses,† I said.Belle wasn’t on our porch when I looked; I didn’t hear her go down the porchsteps, down the concrete walk, out to and down Finchshafen road.â€Å"I shouldn’t even be talking to you; this is pestilence,† I said.I didn’t feel Belle around until I heard her voice rising shrill and clear and abovethe snarl of our voices. She was standing beside me and before him and shouting in hisface.â€Å"For Christ sake, Belle,† I said. â€Å"Let go. This is man’s work.†She couldn’t hear me.Her voice rose clear and passionate, piercing and shrill in the inviolate night. I pulled at her arm to make her turn to me. I thrust my face savagely before her.â€Å"For Christ sake, Belle,† I said. â€Å"Get off. This is my fight and the adversary ismine.†Belle couldn’t see me for the fury that possessed her purely.I sought her face but couldn’t look there long. Even as I turned away I had afleeting glimpse of my declared adversary’s face: the shock there was not more than theshock of mine.â€Å"For Christ sake, Belle, let go. This is man’s work. I have met the enemy and heis mine. Let go, get off. This is my fight, not yours. The enemy is mine,† I said as I pulled her and dragged her bodily away.

Oxford Insurance

Without proper management, it is easy for employees to slack off and they may lose their sight of the company goal. If we look at Herbage's two factor theory, you can see that Oxford Insurance Services is lacking some factors that are Important In Job satisfaction and motivation In employees. Challenging work, responsibility and rewards are part of the Intrinsic motivators that attribute to an Individual's sense of satisfaction with their work. It doesn't seem as though there are specific numbers that are set for each person, rather, just numbers that the company as a whole need to make.They could have dad specific attainable goals for each broker so they all have something specific to work towards. Stuart could have also came up with competitions within the group with rewards, such as a bonus. The only reward that they had was casual Friday. Although this is a step, there is not much incentive for the brokers to work hard. Many of the emails started with bad news and letting everyon e know that they are not reaching their goal, this is news and information that they are probably already away of.This sets the mood for the rest of the email. Some of the e-mails were also very short and seemed Impersonal, such as the ones to Mary. It states that Mary Is the type of person who appreciates going straight to business but the emails from Stuart is highly motivating. You don't get the sense that Stuart really cares about her. When she was doing well, Stuart emailed her telling her that she had a good month and that she would not hear from him about that for another 90 days. This does not give her any incentive to continue to work hard.If we fast forward to September when the numbers were falling short, Mary receives an email from Michael telling her that the holiday weekend is over and that she needs to start paying attention to the numbers. We thought this e-mail seemed very rude and disrespectful. Respect Is very important in motivation and If Mary does not feel that she is receiving the respect she deserves then that will show In her work. It also doesn't help the situation that Michael Is half the age of Mary. In Broom's expectancy theory, It states that people will behave a certain way because they think it will lead them to a desired outcome.Stuart and Michael is not giving the Question 2. The case suggests that Mary feels De-energize. Why might that be? Mary was lacking motivation because she was not getting the desired support from ere team. She felt that the staff was not very customer focused whereas she wanted to build good and trustworthy relationships with her customers by providing them better services. Also, there were personality and age differences between Mary and her clerical staff that had a negative impact on their teamwork. Another reason why Mary felt De-energize was because of differences in motivational value.It can be inferred from the case that Mary had a high focus on extrinsic value of motivation. She Joined Oxfords b ecause of high raise and a promise to achieve self-actualization. However, through all the motivational memos, it is evident that rewards were mostly non-monetary benefits. Employees were either praised verbally or would have a chance to wear casual clothes on Friday. There were hardly any incentives like performance-based bonuses etc. Moreover, Mary felt that Stuart was very aggressive with achieving the targeted numbers and was not giving her enough free hands to accomplish her goal of having repeat customers by building trust. . How else might Stuart and Michael foster motivation among the 0. 1. S. Brokers? Identifying and determining ways to motivate employees is vital to every business. A motivated employee in a workplace defines a highly productive staff that will help achieve common goals and objectives of the business. While not every employee will be able to get motivated by similar things, hence, Stuart and Michael should first develop a motivational strategy that includes understanding the difference of what motivates their employees.It is key essential to determine what really drives the majority of their employees so that the company can reach the highest performance. This motivational employee strategy must also include the process of developing orgasm that will eventually motivate employees greatly while also retain the best employee of the business. Therefore, Stuart and Michael can apply the relationship between Measles Need Hierarchy and Herrings Two-Factor Theory.Moscow postulated that every single individual has five basic needs that constitutes the most basic need to the highest needs that will enable managers to understand the value of their employee satisfaction level of motivation. Although it seems that 0. 1. S brokers express self-actualization and esteem regularly, it would be more effective for Stuart and Michael to constantly provide training sessions that will rate more rooms for on-going development for self-actualization. In add ition, it is always better for Stuart and Michael to not Just boost their employees self-esteem by email, buttoner of a direct approach of face-to-face.A direct approach like lunch or dinner invitation may result in a very effective way as a sense of distinct recognition. Not only that it will establish stronger relationship by interaction and affiliating with colleagues, but this may also offer a sense of â€Å"belongingness† within the company. It is very interesting to notice that Mary had been the only one who receive the most or at least direct encouragement. However, it would be helpful if Stuart and Michael discouragement from other employees in accordance to the given task.In terms of giving instructions and motivational messages, this may appear confusing and repetitive on the e-mail, thus, supervision division between Stuart and Michael can be differentiated so that all employees understand and fully aware on instructions. Therefore, it is very important to define a better structure of communication in assigning tasks for their employees with detailed measurement of key performance indicator. This will be very effective for every employees to keep up with their course f action achieve the target and allowing themselves to measure their own accountability or work progress.This key performance indicator (KIP) may also leads to reward systems or individual incentives as described in Herrings Two-Factory Theory under Hygiene Factor on salary. This incentives and reward system should also be diversified all across department without any differences. All age groups should receive equal value from this incentives and rewards. Also, this will indirectly educate employee to understand the expectancy theory where extra effort that shows great performance will lead to valuable outcomes.

Jobs and Poverty essays

Jobs and Poverty essays Poverty is defined as having a standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintenance of adequate diet, health, and shelter. With this definition the answer to ending poverty might seem easy. Just create enough jobs so that people are over the poverty line. If we lived in a simple world that might work, but there are many circumstances that will prove that the theory of just creating jobs will not work. Barclay, in his article talks about how he can not keep employees because of the fact they do not have good work ethics, the ability to handle life stresses, or the want to stay clean. He states that he can train them to do a job, but can not make them show up for work, be there on time, or to be clean. With this example just the creation of jobs will not work. Also, if we look at if the world as if it had enough jobs, and the employees showed up on time, would this eliminate poverty? If a person is making minimum wage working 40 hours a week, they will only make $210 a week before taxes are taken out. This works out to be just under $11,000 a year. These numbers are under the minimum requirement for a family of three. Now if the family was made up of two adults, theoretically both adults could work, bringing their standard of living level up above the poverty line, but if you look at the statistics, most families in poverty are of single parents, therefore there is only one working adult. Also with two adults working, the cost of child care is very expensive and it would be more cost efficient for one of the parents to stay home. With the two examples I just presented, we can see that the simple creation of jobs will not eliminate poverty. However, I do feel there are steps to bring down the amount of families below the poverty line in the theory. In order for some of this to work there would need to be some changes in the social welfare system and in the idea of minimum wage, and the allotment of part t...

Horror Films and Their Appeal essays

Horror Films and Their Appeal essays Though Im a fan of most film genres, watching anything horrific usually isnt my top choice. Of course I will occasionally sit down to view something along the lines of Dawn of the Dead, as King mentioned in his article which, ironically, also happens to be the most recent horror film Ive seen I most certainly will not enjoy it; not as I would an action film, or better yet, a comedy. If I were to attempt to describe how I reacted to my first horror film, it would be a fight with my memory to recall the experience. Instead, Ill describe what its like to go see horror films in todays day and age. As the years pass, films are being created with more and more special effects to enhance the audiences viewing experience. Blood no longer looks like ketchup; human remains no longer resemble pieces of plastic covered in ketchup. Our fantasy is taking a surprisingly unfortunate turn. The undead have begun to look like real flesh and blood; still, dead, of course. I believe that this will have more of an impact on my generation and the next because of its realistic appeal. As a level-headed human being, I can say that Im unaffected by these films because, even after the curtains close and I venture home, moral remains unchanged. Shooting your neighbor is illegal no matter how much he resembles a zombie you saw in the theatre beating animals is inhumane, and so forth. When I go to see horror films I dont have to suppress the urge to go on a murderous rampage. The urge is simply not there. However, I do sit contently in my chair, sometimes curling up into a ball in fear of being killed myself! There is some truth in what King wrote in his article, but for the most part, I disagree. Sure, we all have felt rage to some degree Id say driving behind people who ignore the minimum speed limit gets me dangerously close to a murderous rage b...

An Inspector Calls play analysis

An Inspector Calls play analysis Essay In this Play the inspector plays various roles. He plays a socialist as he is against capitalist views and because he is not just looking out for himself but others as well. Also he is known to be a catalyst as he brings a split in the Birling family. He plays a ghost as we find out he is not real. Additionally he plays a fraud because he is not a real inspector, but he does act as an Inspector. The inspector adds a great deal of tension and drama to the play. Priestley does this because he brings tension between the younger generation consisting of Sheila and Eric and the older generation consisting of Gerald, Mrs. Birling and Birling because of the inspector. Priestley uses the inspector as a substitute of him self to put his socialist points across this adds drama because we have to think about what he is trying to do. The four Birlings and Gerald are happily seated around the dinner table having an enjoyable night celebrating Sheila and Geralds engagement. All of them are feeling happy and are comfortable and relaxed and do not seem to have a care in the world but all of that is about to change. The scene is set in 1912, which is a pre war time. Also this is the time when the suffragettes were fighting for womens rights. Additionally this was the time that the Titanic was built. The unsinkable ship, which ironically sank, would set sail in a weeks time. The life that the Birlings live is very nice and easy but Priestley is showing how great things always end in disaster like the evening they are having. This is also ironic as he starts by telling us how the Titanic was unsinkable and it ended and just like he will go on to tell us how the Birlings lives are good at the moment but this will soon come to an end. The story does have some relevance to the early nineties even if the novel it was written in 1945. All these points are there to remind us of how not all good things last and how we should all look out for each other and not just for ourselves. An example is We are members of one body, said the inspector. This shows us that the inspector is enforcing the point of being part of one community and that we should look out for one and other. This also shows the link of how the inspector could just be Priestley in another form such as a ghost. I believe that Priestley is reminding us to look out for each other just in case any major wars happen and we have to rely on each other so thats maybe why he is enforcing this. When the inspector first enters the stage the atmosphere changes but not a great deal on first sight of the inspector. The inspector does not appear to be a big man but he does make him self appear strong and confident. He gives an impression that he will destroy them if they toy with him. Sheila changes the way she thinks and decides from now on she is going to be good. She has come to this decision as a result of the influence the inspector has had on her. His socialist views have been understood by Sheila and have changed her because she is going to start to care for other people. For example whoever that inspector was it was anything but a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something. And now youve stopped, said Sheila. This shows us that the Inspector really has influenced Sheila and she has learnt something from what he is trying to say. Also she is showing the divide between the Birlings when they find out the inspector was not real as they now will not take responsibility for the death of Eva Smith but the youngsters will. The Inspector creates a split between the family by dividing the younger and older generations. He is a catalyst because he divides the family and makes them angry at each other. Gerald and Sheila will not get married because of the inspectors visit. Birling may not get his knighthood because of the visit from the inspector may cause a scandal. All these things are the effects of the Inspectors visit. All Priestley is trying to do is make everyone take responsibility for their actions, for example what he is doing to the Birlings. By doing this it makes the audience feel like they need to do the same thing but not act like the older generation of the Birlings but act like the younger generation. READ: Ohio monologue from the play by Nick Zagone Essay ThesisNear the end of the play the inspector is thought to be a fraud. The Birlings have various reasons to believe this. There was no information about him and he did not tell us anything about himself when he introduces him self. He is unknown in the force as the policeman Gerald asked said there was no such inspector. Also Birling is very familiar with the county police force and he said he had never seen or heard of an Inspector under the name Goole. The way he was working through the Birlings made them think he was a fraud as no inspector has ever done this to the Birlings before. Near the end of the play it is discovered that there is no inspector named Goole and he has never been seen on the police force. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I met a sergeant I knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He swore there wasnt any inspector Goole or anybody like him on the force here, said Gerald. This is proof there is no Inspector Goole and he really is a fraud. Also Theres is more proof because no other inspector works like him but it definitely is very effective as he left the Birling family in shambles. The Inspector is considered a fraud. Gerald is the first to question if the inspector really is an Inspector. He goes on to say that the inspector did not show all of us the same picture as he showed everyone a picture one by one so there is no evidence that he could have showed each of them all different pictures let alone the real Eva Smith. They all may have seen different photos. He then goes on to say that there was no evidence to prove that there really was a young girl called Eva Smith that had died. This is Geralds view of how the inspector works and how it makes him a fraud. The inspector also tells us how and why he works. Its the way I like to work. One person and one line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise, theres a muddle. This shows us how the Inspector explains how he works and why. This sounds like the real way an inspector should work which misleads us at the beginning of the play and makes us think he really is an inspector. This makes the story effective and dramatic because it all leads to a huge twist at the end when we find out the inspector does not really exist and there is no dead girl called Eva Smith however there is another twist at the end when they really do find out an Eva Smith had really died and an inspector is on his way over. This makes the story more interesting and more dramatic like a soap opera and it adds more suspense to the play. The inspector is used in the story as someone who is supposed to be like J. B Priestley. He is like a substitute for J. B Priestly and they are linked as the inspector is being used to put across his messages. The inspector is in the story to make the Birlings have responsibility for their actions. He is trying to make people think about what they do before they do it. Look before you leap as the saying goes. The inspector is trying to say that people should all be treated equally. All these messages are aimed at the audience as well as the Birlings. This is how Priestley gets his points out to us, through the link between him and the inspector. I think his main messages are that we are all part of one community, not individual people but we are connected one way or another so we have to care for each other and look after each other. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We are responsible for each other, said the inspector. This shows us the inspector has socialist views and does care about others apart from himself. READ: How does Charles Dickens use the ghost story genre to provoke fear in both the Victorian and modern reader of The Signalman EssayPriestley puts across message of capitalism verses socialism as he shows the Inspector, the socialist saying how we should not be like a capitalist but more like a socialist and care for one another. The inspector is a socialist as is Priestley and have socialist views. They are against capitalism, as they do not feel you should just earn a living for money and for yourself but you should help other people. The inspectors name is a pun for ghoul. This then leads us to believe that the inspector does not exist. He is some sort of ghost or phantom who is a nightmare to the Birlings. The Birlings have other beliefs that prove the inspector does not exist like Gerald. He finds out from another police sergeant from the county force that there is no one like or called the inspector they had met. In addition, the older generation seem to think it is all a hoax. For example Its a hoax of some kind, said Gerald. This shows that the older generation thinks it is some old fool playing a trick on them causing a scandal. There is nothing wrong with them believing this as they now have evidence that the inspector really is not an inspector but a fraud but that is only if he really does exist which is unknown to everyone. It could also show that the inspector is a bad ghoul playing tricks on family to have fun. He seems to know about he future because he knows what will happen to Eva Smith that no one else knows about, which may give the audience an idea that he is not a human being. He is another type of life such as a spirit that does not exist in our world, as it is virtually impossible to predict the future. He does make the Birlings scared of him as he breaks them down one by one leading them to confess. This may also show why he is a ghoul because he is scary. The inspector being a ghoul makes the audience more interested in the story because there is no obvious thing at the beginning of the story that gives him away but we all have our suspicions and this leads to tension as we want to continue to view the play to find out whether our suspicions were correct or not. This is another aspect that makes the play so good and again it involves the truth hidden behind the inspector. The inspector had an enormous affect on the Birlings. He caused them to fall out with each other and go against each other. From all what he told them the only people that actually learnt their lesson was the younger generation. The elders did not as when they found out the inspector was a fraud they were celebrating so what the inspector said went through one ear out the other. I think the family could get back to how they were before but it would be on Sheila and Erics conscience that they once helped lead a girl to suicide. Priestleys over all message in this story was we are all part of one community and we have to look after each other rather than just looking out for ourselves. If one person is affected in the community than all of us are. That is what Priestleys over all message is. I believe the over all role of the inspector was to play a substitute of Priestley to get Priestleys messages across to the audience and the Birlings. The Inspector has many hidden messages in him. He plays so many different roles and the he himself makes the whole story. He makes you think and puts across the messages, which to me is the point of the book. He is very effective and adds a great deal of drama.

Sales Promotion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales Promotion Plan - Essay Example The Product The retail business has many segments under a single banner and a brand name. It usually includes products from the food sector to non food such as clothing, accessories, and cosmetic products. The product whose sales promotion is to be discussed is for the cosmetic segment. The cosmetic segment has been growing and with the rise of retail sector it has find a place and is regarded as one of the important grooming sector. Therefore the product is perfumes and as a sales promotion manager it is the duty to promote and generate awareness about the new perfumes and also maintain the brand value of the existing brands. The perfume introduced will be promoted to both the females and males as it can be used by both the gender simultaneously and is targeted to the premium sector of the society. Hardware/Objects involved Sales promotion would be done with the help of the sales force and to monitor the sales, certain software can be used so that a track can be maintained as to how the sales promotion will be performed and also after effects. Sales force will be mainly responsible for conducting sales promotion in various malls and other places associated with the brand. Apart from the sales force, high technology hardware would be appropriate in determining the results obtained after proving a heavy discount and offers by the business. Activities Sales promotion involves variety of activities in order to promote and increase the sales. The target market is the consumers and so all the activities will be undertaken keeping the consumers in mind. Some of the activities which are often used in sales promotion targeting the consumers include discounts, increase in the product quantity, offering complementary products, issuing discount coupons and vouchers, contest, prizes, gifts and samples. For the sales promotion of the perfume, the sales promotion manager would propose for activities such as distribution of free samples where the company would provide free sa mples to the consumer’s visiting the stores or the segment in the retail outlet. The objectives of free sample are to get the consumers to make purchase of the perfume and make them as regular customers. The consumers visiting the stores would be offered a sample of the perfume and in return give their feedback. The perfume would be designed in a small bottle with attractive packaging in order to attack the customers. The free samples would be distributed in the outlets of the brands. Coupons and vouchers would be used in sales promotions. Coupons will be mainly used to target new customers to try the product and increase the value of the brand in the long run (Schultz, et.al, 1998, p.40). Vouchers are mainly used to introduce the product to a new set of consumers. The discount coupons and vouchers would include 25% off on beauty products on selected brands. By offering 25% off on beauty products, the main idea or objectives of the sales manager is to widen the target market and introduce new customers who would prove to be beneficial for the brand in the long run. In addition to the coupons and vouchers, the sales promotion manger had decided to offer complementary product with the sale of the perfume. This would induce the customers to buy the product as customers get easily attracted toward any complementary gifts or gifts with the main product. The complementary pro

Contemporary film theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary film theory - Essay Example lm Black Girl, which was directed by Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene is different from the typical Hollywood motion picture because the people in the movie are not stars, the story is not depicting any sort of popular or political beliefs, nor is it showing the world in a mythical fashion, where an unbelievable turn of events changes the outcome of the characters lives. This film shows what is happening in Africa with absolute realism, making Black Girl an excellent example of third cinema. An important reason why Black Girl can be considered third cinema is because it depicts the third world in a realistic manner. This is the story of a young Senegalese woman who works for a French family in Dakar. Over the course of this film, this woman is constantly mistreated by the family that she works for, making her all too aware of the racial identity that she has been labelled with. She becomes caught up in the tension between the rich French people in the area and the African people who have been oppressed since colonial times. She finds that she does not fit in with either world, leaving her alone. This film does not attempt to make any excuses for the treatment of the woman, but simply shows how large of a problem racism is within the country. In a Hollywood-style movie, there would be some sort of character growth, which would probably result in a happy ending, but this would not have been a realistic ending for this type of movie. This film is an example of â€Å"the c inema that recognises in that struggle the most gigantic cultural, scientific, and artistic manifestation of our time, the great possibility of constructing a liberated personality with each people as the starting point - in a word, the decolonisation of culture† (Solanas and Getino). Third cinema films such as Black Girl are important because of the realism that they bring to the filmmaking world. They do not offer an idealized version of events, but rather strive to tell a story in the most

Discuss character development in Everyday Use Essay

Discuss character development in Everyday Use - Essay Example She even decides to change her name, though its history may be traced back to the Civil War â€Å"I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me†. Instead, she chooses name Wangero, which her mother finds difficult to pronounce. What Dee desires is to become a new person. It becomes obvious that Dee’s mother and sister worship her. It is noticeable from the first lines. â€Å"Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort† acknowledges her mother. What she wants is to achieve her daughter’s approval. At the same time, Dee is unlikely to desire it. What she seeks seems to be attention and personal meaning. Even more, she seems to behave like a selfish, arrogant, and insensitive person. The story is told on behalf of Mama, that is why readers are not given an opportunity to trace the way Dee thinks. Instead, readers are offered to judge her by her actions, words, and relations to others. For example, these lines â€Å"At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was†. It says a lot about a girl who comes from a family which leads a labor-intensive life. â€Å"In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands† that is how Mama describes herself. At the very beginning readers understand that Dee is totally different. She wants to be a part of idealistic Africa. Consequently, she rejects actual experience and severe realities that Afro-Americans face. That is what unites her with Hakim-a-barber. This couple stands in stark contrast to Dee’s mother and sister. At the same time, readers may only guess what kind of relationships Dee has with this man. â€Å"They didnt tell me, and I didnt ask, whether Wangero (Dee) had really gone and married him† comments Mama. It is clear that Maggie and Mama cannot let themselves live in a world of illusions. At the same time, rustic realism of their world becomes a

Causes of the Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the Civil War - Research Paper Example These came to be known as the Confederate states, all of whose members were slave-owning states. Barbara Fields, however, disagrees with this assumption stating that, the United States made war on the Confederates not because of the slavery abolition, but because it wanted to preserve the Union (Rios). The Emancipation of all the slaves in the Union was simply an excuse made to start the war that would force the southern states back into the Union. According to Fields, the northern states only declared war on the Confederate states because they not only wanted to preserve the Union, but also to ensure that they did not have a powerful rival. In essence, the northern states wanted to retain their advantage as the leading states in the Union by enforcing their dominance. This situation led to the coming to prominence of two men, whose views on slavery were entirely opposite of one another. The first is Abraham Lincoln was among the biggest proponents of the eradication of slavery in al l the states within the Union as well as the preservation of the latter (Pinsker 59). The other is Jefferson Davis, who was a principal proponent of the institution of slavery and believed that it was a necessary part of the southern economy. While many in the non-slaveholding north supported the declaration, many in the south viewed it as the federal government’s attempt to interfere with their internal affairs. According to Shelby Foote, among the most prominent advocates of this viewpoint was none other than Jefferson Davis, who was a staunch believer in the right of all the states within the union to make their own decision without interference. He believed that all the states in the union had joined it voluntarily, and this gave them the independence to decide what was and what was not best for them. If the federal government were to keep interfering in the domestic dealings of the states, then these states would inevitably lose their sovereignty, defeating the purpose o f the formation of the union (Dawson 592). He is noted to have stated that since all states had joined the union of their own free will, they also had the right to leave it if they felt that their interests were not being represented in a manner to their liking. Furthermore, Davis believed that the decision to end slavery lay with the individual states themselves, and not with the federal government. It is extremely likely that it was because of this stance that when the southern states chose to leave the union, they chose him to be their leader. His vision was to maintain slavery in the Confederate states and to expand this institution south into Mexico as this new slave owning federation grew (Norton et al 384). According to Foote, therefore, the American Civil war did not take place because of the need for the southern states to retain slavery, but for them to be able to determine their own destiny without any interference from the northern states, which dominated the United Stat es at the time (Bolin 38). Many southerners at the time felt that the northern states wanted to enforce their will upon them so that they would remain a backwater and this is the reason why they chose to break from the Union. In the matter if abolition, however, many have come to believe the reasons for Lincoln going to war, who stated that maintaining slavery in the United States would be a

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Comparison - Essay Example At the same time, the tables are turned, and he depends on his family and assistance and care from his sister while it used to be the other way round; hence, the family which was dependent on him has to start working again. The play Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner by Alan Sillitoe follows the life of a young boy who is caught robbing a bakery by the law enforcers, and this lands him a place at the prison school at Ruxton Towers. The living conditions at the Borstal are tough and Smith seeks solace in long-distance running to escape from these circumstances. He attracts the attention of the school authorities who promise early to release from the brutality of Borstal if he wins an important cross-country championship. Smith has all the reasons and the powers to win the competition, but on an interesting turn of events, he deliberately loses the race to the dismay of spectators and school authorities. The two stories seek to present the social problems faced by the society, whic h are social and emotional alienation, loneliness as demonstrated by the main characters. Both authors, Kafka and Sillitoe explore effective use of metaphor to address these issues and present them to the audience. While Kafka uses vermin, Sillitoe uses running. Both are demonstrated throughout the respective stories in examining major obstacles faced by the characters. Therefore, the metaphors are used to convey the actions of the characters, Samsa and Smith, and how they interact with them to achieve the purpose of the stories. Kafka is one of the greatest German writers, famous for writing technique that unites concrete and figurative language in order to demonstrate purpose and idea. As such, amazing use of metaphor in writing is one of the significant elements of his writing techniques. In the story Metamorphosis, he does not fail short of this technique, which he uses to convey the social problems in the society through the main character. Kafka uses metaphor to represent or r eveal the relationship between people or characters in the story, in which he uses vermin. The first metaphor in this story is metamorphosis itself whereby Samsa suddenly changes to a monstrous insect one morning. Samsa contributes a great deal to the enhancement of the metaphor of metamorphosis because, despite unusual transformation, he does not stop to question why and how it could be possible. Metamorphosis is a metaphor because it is unrealistic for human beings to transform into insects, but Samsa accepts this situation fairly, readily without questioning the reality or logic behind this matter. This direction taken by the main character is peculiar because normal human nature would seek inquiry to explain the transformation. This lack of query is unusual, and one could argue that the transformation occurred mentally and not physically. The transformation into a beetle represents the life in Samsa’s family, as well as a reflection of his own life. Samsa provides for his family the same way an insect would provide for the rest of the members; thus, the transformation represents his role in the family. He is so much concerned with work and provision for his family that he does not even have hobbies or real friends, let alone a good friendship with his own family. This behavior can be compared to that of an insect, and thus, Samsa successfully delivers the purpose of the story with the aid of the metaphor. Another metaphor in this story is communication in the Samsa family. Kafka uses metap

Discuss character development in Everyday Use Essay

Discuss character development in Everyday Use - Essay Example She even decides to change her name, though its history may be traced back to the Civil War â€Å"I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me†. Instead, she chooses name Wangero, which her mother finds difficult to pronounce. What Dee desires is to become a new person. It becomes obvious that Dee’s mother and sister worship her. It is noticeable from the first lines. â€Å"Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort† acknowledges her mother. What she wants is to achieve her daughter’s approval. At the same time, Dee is unlikely to desire it. What she seeks seems to be attention and personal meaning. Even more, she seems to behave like a selfish, arrogant, and insensitive person. The story is told on behalf of Mama, that is why readers are not given an opportunity to trace the way Dee thinks. Instead, readers are offered to judge her by her actions, words, and relations to others. For example, these lines â€Å"At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was†. It says a lot about a girl who comes from a family which leads a labor-intensive life. â€Å"In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands† that is how Mama describes herself. At the very beginning readers understand that Dee is totally different. She wants to be a part of idealistic Africa. Consequently, she rejects actual experience and severe realities that Afro-Americans face. That is what unites her with Hakim-a-barber. This couple stands in stark contrast to Dee’s mother and sister. At the same time, readers may only guess what kind of relationships Dee has with this man. â€Å"They didnt tell me, and I didnt ask, whether Wangero (Dee) had really gone and married him† comments Mama. It is clear that Maggie and Mama cannot let themselves live in a world of illusions. At the same time, rustic realism of their world becomes a

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Comparison - Essay Example At the same time, the tables are turned, and he depends on his family and assistance and care from his sister while it used to be the other way round; hence, the family which was dependent on him has to start working again. The play Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner by Alan Sillitoe follows the life of a young boy who is caught robbing a bakery by the law enforcers, and this lands him a place at the prison school at Ruxton Towers. The living conditions at the Borstal are tough and Smith seeks solace in long-distance running to escape from these circumstances. He attracts the attention of the school authorities who promise early to release from the brutality of Borstal if he wins an important cross-country championship. Smith has all the reasons and the powers to win the competition, but on an interesting turn of events, he deliberately loses the race to the dismay of spectators and school authorities. The two stories seek to present the social problems faced by the society, whic h are social and emotional alienation, loneliness as demonstrated by the main characters. Both authors, Kafka and Sillitoe explore effective use of metaphor to address these issues and present them to the audience. While Kafka uses vermin, Sillitoe uses running. Both are demonstrated throughout the respective stories in examining major obstacles faced by the characters. Therefore, the metaphors are used to convey the actions of the characters, Samsa and Smith, and how they interact with them to achieve the purpose of the stories. Kafka is one of the greatest German writers, famous for writing technique that unites concrete and figurative language in order to demonstrate purpose and idea. As such, amazing use of metaphor in writing is one of the significant elements of his writing techniques. In the story Metamorphosis, he does not fail short of this technique, which he uses to convey the social problems in the society through the main character. Kafka uses metaphor to represent or r eveal the relationship between people or characters in the story, in which he uses vermin. The first metaphor in this story is metamorphosis itself whereby Samsa suddenly changes to a monstrous insect one morning. Samsa contributes a great deal to the enhancement of the metaphor of metamorphosis because, despite unusual transformation, he does not stop to question why and how it could be possible. Metamorphosis is a metaphor because it is unrealistic for human beings to transform into insects, but Samsa accepts this situation fairly, readily without questioning the reality or logic behind this matter. This direction taken by the main character is peculiar because normal human nature would seek inquiry to explain the transformation. This lack of query is unusual, and one could argue that the transformation occurred mentally and not physically. The transformation into a beetle represents the life in Samsa’s family, as well as a reflection of his own life. Samsa provides for his family the same way an insect would provide for the rest of the members; thus, the transformation represents his role in the family. He is so much concerned with work and provision for his family that he does not even have hobbies or real friends, let alone a good friendship with his own family. This behavior can be compared to that of an insect, and thus, Samsa successfully delivers the purpose of the story with the aid of the metaphor. Another metaphor in this story is communication in the Samsa family. Kafka uses metap

Johannesburg Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Johannesburg Sustainability Essay The purpose of this report is to advise the Johannesburg City Government on ways to reduce carbon emissions within the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Johannesburg City (Joburg) is listed as a participant with the C40 Cities initiative, in an effort to tackle the environmental issues of global warming and climate change. This initiative was established as a leadership programme from representatives from major cities around the world, and aims to be at the forefront in encouraging sustainable practices in our urban areas (c40cities online, 2011). It is important then to clearly define what sustainability is. From information provided in the Open University course material, a sustainable city is an urban environment in which its inhabitants lead fulfilling lives and are able to meet their material and social needs without damaging the environment it co-exists with (The Open University, Block 6, 2010. p 22-23). Further to this a sustainable city should have a long-term perspective which allows it to produce its own resources. With this being said, Joburg finds itself faced with many, unnecessarily high, carbon producing activities such as a high volume of personal cars users and obtaining energy from older technologies and non-renewable sources just to name a few. These practices are typical of major cities across the planet and represent the unsustainable development of human activities without regard for the environment we live in. Taking action to promote sustainability, like the C40 Cities initiative, is the reason why this report has been drafted for Joburg. In particular this report will focus on carbon emissions, their sources within the Joburg boundaries and effect on global warming, and then present ways in which to combat the currently inadequate carbon producing activities that Joburg is experiencing. Finally the report will conclude with a summary of the key points discussed in the making the case and the proposal sections. Recommendations on the information presented will be put forward which is in alignment with the purpose of this report: sustainability through reducing carbon emissions. Making The Case: Joburg has an important role in making itself a sustainable city because of its influence, not only on the surrounding environment, but as a leading city in gold production in South Africa. The large population of nearly 3.9 million inhabitants means the carbon footprint that Joburg produces will have a significant value and hence add to the issues of global warming and climate change. In a report published by a South African company, Metorex Ltd., the CO2 equivalent will not only minimise the effect of Joburgs carbon footprint on a global scale, but also act as a role model for other cities in Southern Africa. Cities like Joburg facilitate enormous flows of both people and material within them. These flows of people and material contribute to the character of the city and its ability to adapt to change. It is this ability to adapt to change which will be the greatest obstacle in combating global warming and climate change, as reluctance to take the necessary steps in securing our future will lead to devastating consequences. Consequences, as suggested by Block 6 could involve heat waves, flooding, and rising sea level. Creating cities which are flexible, as sustainable cities are, and which can cope with these environmental scenarios will undoubtedly go along way to sustaining quality of life in not only Joburg, but around the planet too. What better place to encourage change than to start with the economic institutions which pull people from across the country in search of better earning opportunity. In South Africa Joburg is such a city and is seen as the economic hub of South Africa, contributing to over a third of the countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 11% of Africas GDP ( South Africa Online, 2011). According to Block 6 Open University course material, encouraging activities which would lead to sustainability in Joburg could lead to the following results: Improved energy efficiency leading to lower bills and lower demand for power; Development of new a new market in the midst of a lively economic market; Better quality of life for inhabitants owing to reductions in pollution (air, water and waste) and finally more efficient production of goods and services for domestic consumption as a result of innovative technologies. These are just a few of the more obvious advantages of creating a city with sustainabl e practices. So where does one start when implementing eco-friendly strategies? Why not with the authority in which the inhabitants of the city put their trust the Johannesburg City Government. As the leading authority in making decisions which directly affect the daily running of the city, Joburg will be following other leading cities, like London, in gaining the political support it needs to back the changes it wishes to make. Its no surprise that political support will be needed in gaining momentum to implement and manage Eco-legislature. When the City Government puts its political weight behind notions like sustainable building designs, renewable energy sources, heavier car tax for large motor vehicles and more efficient waste management, then the mind-set of the consumer, business man, company, conglomerate, institution or society as a whole changes and realises that these regulations will come into affect and its best to get onboard, or suffer the consequential penalties. Therefore as a leading decision-maker, the Johannesburg City Government should be best placed to initiate schemes and programs that effectively lead to gaining momentum needed in providing the tools for â€Å"greener living†. The proposal addresses 4 key areas which I believe are fundamental starting blocks to creating a sustainable Joburg. There are many more concepts or ideas which would further decrease CO2 emissions, hence contributing to sustainability, however I will be submitting just 4 key concepts that in my opinion should be put into action immediately. Firstly, the City Transport commuter system needs development. Currently Joburg offers its inhabitants transportation in the form of busses and city trains. In a statement by Flora Mokgohloa, the Executive Director of Environment in the City, she says that the Bus Rapid Transit (BRP) scheme introduced in 2008, was introduced in an effort to reduce carbon emissions by up to 1.6million tons by 2020 (Flora Mokgohloa, 2010). The fact that commuters are only offered this form of transport within the city, apart from the trains which take it passengers to scattered stations, based too far away from each other to be an effective commuter transport syst em, forces commuters to seek other forms of more efficient transport – like using multi people carrier taxis. This in effect, fore-gos the CO2 emissions saved because of the excess taxi emissions caused in response to the search for an affordable transport service. A solution to this could be an incorporation of the the â€Å"City Bike† scheme that major cities such as Amsterdam, Paris and London have taken on. With specific stations positioned in the central business district within of Sandton, Alexandra and Randburg this could cut down congestion of traffic and therefore also make it more efficient. Not to mention the reductions in CO2 emissions will also lead to a healthier, cleaner environment. Joburgs physical landscape is flat, thus use of a central City Bike scheme combined with â€Å"Car-Free† Zones or Zero-CO2 emissions zones could booster a walking, riding or electric personal transport commuter system within the city itself. Laying infrastructure such as bike pathways or electric motorised vehicle lanes would not be too much of a hassle as the reduction in traffic wo uld lead to the the use of one of the numerous multi-lanes available from the current transport infrastructure. City Structure is another important key development area. As suggested in Block 6 by the Mayor of London, Mr Boris Johnson, all new building greater than a certain size needs to obtain its right to be built after scrutiny by the Mayor himself (Course DVD Mayors Speech, 2008). In his scrutiny, the building should pass a number of prerequisites before being given the thumbs up to advance. Among these requirements are the ability of the building to produce 10% of its energy from a renewable source above others. If introduced in Joburg, this could lead to further development of renewable resource suppliers who look to supply the demand for energy from a renewable source. Alternatively the new building could use its own form of energy creation through Solar or wind power. These are 2 greatly abundant sources of energy not yet fully tapped by the South African market. The technology exists, is in use in Joburg already in the form of the â€Å"Cosmo City† scheme, essentially a solar water heater system however the demand has lacked and thus not supported further development (Joburg Online, 2011). With the enforcement of more rigid building requirements and energy management supply and manage- Further to this, Joburgs current city structure is the dictionary definition of urban crawl. Put simply, the city has stretched out horizontally and not utilized its potential space in the 3D arena. By this I refer to the large area it occupies (it is the largest city in South Africa) and with this lateral extension come greater energy consumption, as suggested by Richard Register in Block 6 (Block 6, 2010. p 129). By setting a required height limit that guarantees a building height and minimalises developments which simply occupies horizontal space. Adding to this could be â€Å"green† incentives like vertical farms for example. Also by narrowing the spaces between building structures, less distance is travelled by commuters, more shade is provided and the opportunity for wind to be tunneled throughout the city arises, leading to even less energy consumption by use of air conditioner on hot summer days. This also answers to the logic of access by proximity. Thus in using the natural landscape the city itself can be evolved, as likened to a living Eco-system in Block 6, to produce natural ways to regulate Joburgs temperature. Joburg gets its power from the only energy producer in South Africa, Eskom. This company as the only supplier with a national grid, controls the energy market as a monopoly. However there are renewable energy opportunities in available in South Africa. Firstly, sitting just outside the tropics, South Africa sees enough sunshine a year to promote the efficient use of solar power. Combined with this the terrain of the country itself is conducive to use of wind-turbine farms. The problem lies with the fact that these are relatively new technologies which are more expensive and which have little demand in South Africa. Cities like Joburg do not have the need for a more expensive energy supplier when there is a cheaper form through Eskom. Government subsidies, as used in the UK with Natural Gas Installations (Course DVD Mayors Speech, 2008), and more rigid requirements for use of renewable sources of energy, could as stated above promote growth in a clean energy supplier market. Initially this is expensive, as subsidies provided by the government will mean cuts elsewhere to eco-projects, however in the long-run (as stated, with the intention of a long-term prospect) the cost of supplying renewable energy will decrease as new technologies become available. In the mean time, using decentralised combined heat and power plants will offset the extra CO2 emissions caused by unnecessary heating in nearby establishments when heat can be harvested and distributed locally from the production of power (Block 6, 2010. p 80). Finally the Education of city dwellers/businesses and role of the media is an important factor in the regulation and management of all â€Å"green† initiatives. This is because it helps build the momentum needed to gather support from the state, market and society spheres. Local inhabitants want to feel like what they have to say matters and is taken into consideration when plans for green-initiatives are implemented, and rather a part of the solution. Educating the inhabitants, by holding regular conferences, exhibitions, information evenings in low-income household areas will go a long way to gaining support and ease the process of implementing larger scale initiatives. The role of the media in the development of London shows that even laws can be influence when enough support is gathered and represented (Block 6, 2010.p 54). Conclusion: In summary, the Johannesburg City Government has been presented with information on why Joburg needs to be a sustainable city. Adding to this, what it means to be a sustainable city and hence its importance for Joburg as an economic hub was highlighted. Following this, 4 key concepts to the future initial development of Joburg were discussed. Each highlighted the need for a commanding authority who: has weight with legislation, a decent budget to throw towards greeninitiatives and the governing and management power to regulate and these initiatives. When an educated society gathers momentum, with the help of the Joburg market and the endorsement of Local Government (the state), it is then that Joburg will start to realise its â€Å"green† potential. References The Open University (2009) U116 Environment: journeys through a changing world, Block 6, Ê »Cities and sustainabilityÊ ¼, Milton Keynes, The Open University. U116 DVD; Block 6, Part 2; Role of political leadership: Mayors Speech c40cities Online, 2011. â€Å"About the c40 †, http://www.c40cities.org/about/, [Accessed: 05/06/2011]. Metorex Ltd Online, 2011. â€Å"Metorex Carbon Footprint Report†, http://www.metorexgroup.com/cmsAdmin/uploads/20110509_MtxCarbonFootprintAnaly sis.pdf , [Accessed: 07/06/2011] http://www.southafrica.to/provinces/Gauteng/towns/Johannesburg/Johannesburg.htm , [Accessed: 05/06/2011] Naidoo, R. 2010. â€Å"Plan to cut gas emissions†, http://www.joburg.org.za/index.phpoption=com_contentview=articleid=4922catid=1 20Itemid=201 , [Accessed: 06/06/2011] Khalianyane, L. 2011. â€Å"Energy Effiency in Spotlight†, http://www.joburg.org.za/index.phpoption=com_contentview=articleid=6713catid=8 8Itemid=266 , [Accessed: 06/06/2011]

What Works in Preventing Modern Slavery

What Works in Preventing Modern Slavery This essay focuses on Modern Slavery which covers human trafficking, slavery, forced labour and domestic slavery. It will concentrate on forced labour within the Modern Slavery Act 2015. It will outline what force labour means, review statistics that evidence the extent of the problem, and then make some recommendations to stop forced labour. According to International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2017) forced labour refers to the act of coercing or deceiving someone into working against their will. Victims of forced labour are often controlled by their ‘employers’ through various means such as threats, physical harm, confiscation of identity documents and the withholding of wages. Indirect force may be used such as retaining the documentation of the foreign nations to prevent them from returning to their native country. They go on to say that forced labour and human trafficking are modern forms of slavery and require attention. They are not identical within the legal system. Most situations of slavery and human trafficking are covered by their definition of forced labour. Children.gov.on.ca commented in a ‘Review of the Roots of Youth Violence’ paper that rational choice theory is based on the original opinions of classical criminology, which enables people to freely choose their behaviour and is motivated by the avoidance of pain and to search for pleasure. In terms of offending, rational choice suggests that offenders weigh the potential benefits and consequences associated with committing an offence. Rational choice focuses on the opportunity to commit crime and on how criminal choices are structured by the social environment and situational variables. The ILO reported in 2017, that there is an estimation of 40.3 million people in modern slavery. This includes 24.9 million in forced labour and 15.4 million who are in forced marriages. This means there are 5.4 victims of modern slavery to 1,000 people in the world. Roughly 10 million children are victims of modern slavery. Of the 24.9 million people who are trapped in forced labour, 16 million people are exploited as domestic work, construction or agriculture by the private sector, 4.8 million people are exploited within the sex world and 4 million people are forced labour by the state authorities. Below the charts in figure 1 and figure 2 shows the ILO’s Global estimates of modern slavery: including forced labour and forced marriage. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 protects people held for slavery or servitude and if they are forced into it or compulsory labour beyond their will. Also, human trafficking is covered by The Act, by making it an offence if anyone arranges and enables another person to travel, who is going to be exploited. This person can be either an adult or child. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 consolidates existing offences of human trafficking and slavery and encompasses trafficking for all forms of exploitation. This Act replaces offences of human trafficking arising under section 59A Sexual Offences Act 2003 and section 4 Asylum and Immigration Act 2004. The Act also replaces the offence of holding another person in slavery or servitude or requiring another person to perform forced or compulsory labour arising under section 71 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (cps.gov.uk). This consolidation of existing regulations into a single statue is an important development in the UK because hopefully to improve the conviction rates current criminal offences in relation to slavery and trafficking and by increasing the maximum penalty to deter potential offenders. Tilley (2009) notes the general value of specific deterrence within a Direct Criminal Justice System (CJS) Approach points out that offenders are deterred from committing future crimes by the unpleasantness of punishment, by having harsher penalties and these seeing others being punished and will other individuals from committing crimes. The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Strategic Plan 2015–2017, was produced by the government in line with the Modern Slavery Act 2015. The Strategic Plan acknowledges the scale of the problem of modern slavery and makes practical recommendations to try to address the issues. Within the document the Home Office estimates in UK that there were between 10,000 – 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in 2014. There is some improvement to identify possible victims, so they can be removed from exploitation and protect them from further harm and enable them to receive the right help they need. Those victims often suffer from varied physical and psychological health issues. Some are classed as serious problems from the direct results of exploitation they may have suffered. It is important to make the victims feel safe and secure and protect them from harm by getting them the support and care once they are removed from those who have been exploiting them. This is so they can be empowered to increase their long-term healing, strength, and regain into inclusive society and to rebuild their lives. The way forward for this to be achieved is to work with the Home Office, border control and health agencies across UK. Appropriate awareness raising, and training should be put in place and promoted regularly. They also need to regularly review the associated material is fit for purpose about helping the potential victims to access appropriate support and assistance. More work is necessary within the immigration, border control, trading standards, police, courts and prosecution. Additionally, training is required to highlight the potential signs of victims whether they are UK citizens or foreign citizens. If police and the community should be vigilant and aware that a property has barred windows or curtains are permanently drawn, this may be because victims of modern slavery are possibly being held there. This is done to prevent them from climbing out. Other indications could be if the letterbox sealed up, so it cannot be used and is there any sign of electricity attached to neighbouring properties or directly from power lines. If businesses are using people for forced labour then they may be wearing inappropriate clothing required for the job, have poor hygiene, be fearful or unwilling to engage with the public or other colleagues. The report outlines that modern slavery in the UK is a high profit and low risk crime. The reason for modern slavery is a high profit and low risk crime because human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal enterprises. Criminal organizations are increasingly attracted to human trafficking because, unlike drugs, humans can be sold repeatedly. Human trafficking not only involves sex and labour, but people are also trafficked for organ harvesting. So criminal organisations can distance themselves easily from the victims by selling them on regularly. In 2014 the Home Office estimated that approximately 11,500 potential victims of modern slavery across UK. They also report there were just 2,340 potential victims reported to the National Referral Mechanism. The National Referral Mechanism  (NRM) is a framework for identifying victims of human trafficking or modern slavery and ensuring they receive the appropriate support. Very few modern slavery crimes come the attention of the police and criminal justice agencies and even fewer offenders are caught and convicted. The report estimates that 187 prosecutions involving human trafficking offences were flagged up by the Crown Prosecution Service in 2014-15 and 130 of those cases resulted in a successful conviction. However, data from Ministry of Justice showed only 39 convictions in 2014 from slavery and human trafficking offences as a principal offence. The discrepancy arguably indicates that the Crown Prosecution Service and Ministry of Justice are not working together effectively. The anti-slavery organisation highlights how the UK can challenge modern slavery. They state there are three areas to focus on. Firstly, in policing. Although modern slavery has become more visual it has been rising considerably over the past few years. Some cases are still turned away by the police because they are not believed, and those who has been forced into crime have been treated as criminals. Secondly, is identification. The referral system in use often only looks at victims of forced labour through their immigration status. This means people from outside the European Union are up to four times less likely to be recognised as victims of trafficking and are often deported rather than protected. Also, visa rules also prevent overseas  domestic workers from leaving abusive employers and seeking out new ones. This often leads them to suffer abuse in silence. Lastly, is protection. Protection and support for victims of trafficking is inconsistent, especially after all the gover nment cuts and cost-efficiency savings. The victims of forced labour who have survived and been rescued, have been in a safe house to recover but that is only for a limited time and they do not get long-term support even if they need it, so they can fully recover and get their lives back on track. They also state that the protection of children is also of great concern. A Child Guardianship scheme has been included in the Modern Slavery Act, but the full implementation of it is not scheduled until mid-2019. To help to prevent and reduce modern slavery, it would help to have a multi-agency team, which should include the police, health and social services, local authority, immigration, border control and trading standards. This is to be able to prevent other crimes committed within the modern slavery (forced labour) and crimes being committed by the victims of forced labour when trying to escape captivity. Organisations like health and social services, local authority, housing departments, voluntary organisations are available to support the police with supporting victims of modern slavery. Some voluntary organisations which are available includes refuge, shelter, NSPCC, Women’s Aid and translation organisations. These agencies can help victims to trust authorities that they are there to help and will not deport them back to their original country. Deportation will not be done for up to 90 days as the victims have access to ‘move-on’ support, such as ongoing accommodation, counselling, expert advice and advocacy before the final decision is made (Newton, gov.uk). They can then hopefully set up a peer group to be able to support others with their experiences with agreement to have a councillor on hand if people need to talk through things as and when needed. Other recommendations that possibly need to be in place are to have more border agency staff at ports and air ports to be able to check all vehicles arriving to stop illegal immigrants being brought in against their will or have paid the drivers to do so for a better life. More checks are needed on foreign national coming in with little money to support themselves. To disrupt criminal activity Tilley (2009) says there should be intelligence led policing to monitor and trace criminal organisations, and learn more about the offenders’ behaviour patterns. Also, when taken to court those drivers caught should be imposed with more severe fines because the fines are only  £2,000 per migrant (express, 2017). For people who employ illegal immigrants’ penalties should be more severe than they are. At the present the sentences are imprisonment for 5 years and pay a fine of up to  £20,000 for each illegal worker (gov.uk). Lastly, it is recommended that literature is published and advertised in different languages to help people what they need to do if they are victims or know someone who is possibly a victim of modern slavery (forced labour). In conclusion this essay focused on modern slavery and mainly forced labour. It has highlighted that people are still victims of modern slavery (forced labour) since the Modern Slavery Act 2015 came into force. Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the Strategic plan are positive steps, but more is needed to be done to address modern slavery, given the extent and complexity of the issue. For example, importantly more public awareness need to be advertised to know what modern slavery and forced labour is about and what signs to look out for and how to report their fears. Also, the sentencing for people convicted needs to be more severe, and more convictions are needed to highlight the crime and raise awareness for the public and make them aware something to there to prevent it. References Adu, A. 2017.  Lorry drivers receive record number of fines for bringing illegal immigrants into Britain.  Available: www.express.co.uk/news/uk/821265/migrant-crisis-lorry-drivers-fined-immigrants-sneak-UK-vehicles. Last accessed 26 November 2017. antislavery. 2017.  What is modern slavery?  Available: https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/. Last accessed 4 December 2017. CPS. 2017.  Human Trafficking, Smuggling and Slavery.  Available: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/human_trafficking_and_smuggling/. Last accessed 19 December 2017. gov.uk. 2016.  Penalties for employing illegal workers.  Available: https://www.gov.uk/penalties-for-employing-illegal-workers. Last accessed 26 November 2017 Hyland, K. 2015.  Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Strategic Plan 2015–2017.  Available: http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/media/1075/iasc_strategicplan_2015.pdf. Last accessed 29 November 2017. Hyland, K. 2017.  Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner: Annual Report 2016 2017.  Available: http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/media/1164/iasc_annual-report-16-17-web.pdf. Last accessed 4 December 2017. International Labour Organisation and Walk Free Foundation. 2017.  Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage.  Available: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf. Last accessed 16 December 2017. International Labour Organization (ILO). 2014.  The meanings of Forced Labour.  Available: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/langen/index.htm. Last accessed 2 December 2017. Myers, N. 2016.  Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews Volume 5, Chapter 3:  Available: http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/professionals/oyap/roots/volume5/chapter03_rational_choice.aspx. Last accessed 6 January 2018. Newton, S. 2016.  Modern slavery victims to receive longer period of. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/modern-slavery-victims-to-receive-longer-period-of-support. Last accessed 28 December 2017 The Modern Slavery Act 2015